New debt-fueled era for Bitcoin miners marked by 1 zetahash milestone – Report

Bitcoin mining crossed the zetahash threshold in September as the network averaged 1.034 ZH/s, and hashprice fell below $47 per PH per second.

According to a new report by The MinerMag, the step up in difficulty coincided with miners’ equity values nearly doubling since August to about $90 billion by October 15, while BTC fell 3.7 percent over the same period.

The sector’s center of gravity has shifted toward balance sheet capacity, convertible debt, and high-performance computing contracts. Record difficulty has squeezed operating margins, and power costs have remained pinned near fixed-rate agreements.

According to the report, listed operators’ combined market capitalization climbed from roughly $41 billion in August to $58 billion in September and then to $90 billion by mid-October, even as hashprice revisited levels last seen in May.

Period Combined Market Cap Notes

August	$41B	Start of rally window
September	$58B	Continued outperformance vs. BTC
October 15	$90B	More than doubled since August; BTC −3.7% in same period

The repricing tracks a narrative of digital-infrastructure exposure, where miners present contracted power, data-center buildouts, and AI colocation as incremental earnings streams that are less tethered to block rewards.

The MinerMag’s performance panel shows that leaders over the past month included Bitfarms, up 162 percent, Canaan, up 149 percent, and CleanSpark, up 125 percent. MARA rose 39 percent, Riot 32 percent, and BTC down 3.7 percent in the same window.

The production league table has reshuffled as fleets scale.

Per MinerMag’s September snapshot, MARA realized 53.3 EH/s, about 88 percent of deployed capacity, and mined 736 BTC, selling roughly half. Bitdeer increased its realized hashrate by one-third to 32.7 EH/s and moved into the fifth slot, while HIVE reached 19.3 EH/s and Cipher 18.2 EH/s as both pushed toward the 20 EH/s threshold that now informally defines the upper mid-tier.

These levels set the backdrop for consolidation, site swaps, and power-density upgrades as operators seek to qualify for hyperscale AI leases that require long-term, low-interruption power.

Financing is the other pillar of the new regime. Miners raised more than $1 billion in the second quarter through convertibles and close to $3 billion already in the third quarter, with issuers spanning Cipher, MARA, and TeraWulf. IREN closed $1 billion, TeraWulf outlined plans for $3.2 billion in senior secured notes, and Bitfarms proposed $300 million in convertibles.

The structure of this cycle differs from 2021’s ASIC- and infrastructure-secured loans that later impaired, since today’s zero-coupon convertibles push cash interest out of the near term and leave the equity conversion path open.

The trade-off is clear, if equity momentum moderates, maturities twenty-four to thirty-six months out move into focus and the sector confronts either dilution through cashless conversions or cash settlement against lower share prices.

The economics at the rig level anchor the discussion.

Using The MinerMag’s base case with power at $0.06 per kWh, revenue runs near $0.054 per TH per day. Payback periods span roughly 458 days for S19XP+ Hyd to about 900 days for S23 Hyd across efficiency bands from 9.5 to 19 J/TH, reinforcing the gap between fleets on the latest-generation curve and those further back.

The report’s rule-of-thumb elasticities imply that a 10 percent change in revenue per TH per day moves payback by roughly 10 to 15 percent, because opex tied to joules per terahash dominates while near-term capex per TH is fixed.

That sensitivity makes difficulty and BTC path the primary variables, with a potential four percent difficulty relief flagged for the next adjustment likely to be brief.

Miner Hardware Capex per TH/s Revenue per TH/s Revenue per kWh Opex per TH/s Payback (Days)

S23 Hyd (9.5 J/TH)	$30	$0.054	$0.237	$13.68	900
S21XP Imm. (13.5 J/TH)	$18	$0.054	$0.167	$19.44	653
S21+ Hydro (15 J/TH)	$21.5	$0.054	$0.150	$21.60	846
S21 Pro (15 J/TH)	$16	$0.054	$0.150	$21.60	630
S21 Imm. (16 J/TH)	$15.5	$0.054	$0.141	$23.04	647
S21+ (16.5 J/TH)	$15	$0.054	$0.136	$23.76	645
S19XP+ Hyd (19 J/TH)	$9	$0.054	$0.118	$27.36	458

Operationally, the zetahash regime raises the bar for power procurement, curtailment strategy, and efficiency upgrades.

Operators without sub-$0.05 per kWh power or without enough latest-generation joules per terahash face compressed margins until BTC reprices or sustained difficulty relief arrives.

The MinerMag’s scenarios outline three near-term paths from today’s base: if difficulty grinds higher and BTC stays flat, hashprice drifts 10 to 20 percent lower and paybacks extend by two to six months for common air-cooled fleets; if the flagged difficulty relief arrives with only a modest BTC bounce, a five to ten percent tailwind appears and fades; if BTC rerates while difficulty is flat, a 15 to 25 percent hashprice lift pulls lower-efficiency rigs back toward mid-cycle paybacks using the base table as anchor.

The equity story now hinges on execution in non-mining revenue.

The MinerMag’s recent pipeline items include a Google-backed $3 billion AI hosting initiative tied to Cipher, expanded credit support for CleanSpark’s high-performance computing push, Galaxy’s $460 million Texas site build framed as an AI hub, and the Microsoft-aligned Nscale and Ionic Digital agreement pegged at $14 billion.

These targets, while large, require interconnects, transformers, and compute tenants to arrive on time, and disclosures to translate headlines into run-rate revenue. If ramp schedules slip, equity narratives built on data-center optionality converge back toward BTC beta.

Jurisdiction adds dispersion. The MinerMag cites new capacity in Norway and Bhutan under hydro-rich frameworks, and Laos exploring dam-linked mining finance, each of which shifts the global cost curve by moving incremental exahash into lower-cost buckets.

At the same time, idiosyncratic risks, from U.S. state litigation such as cases in Kentucky to investigations around individual European operators, translate into a wider distribution of multiples as investors price regulatory and legal variance by geography and corporate governance.

A simple runway lens ties the pieces together.

Map the third-quarter and fourth-quarter convertible issuers to an eighteen- to thirty-six-month refi clock.

In an up tape, equity sits above conversion prices and cashless conversions retire debt while funding capex for new sites and higher-efficiency rigs.

In a down tape, companies either issue shares into weakness or reserve cash for settlement, curbing growth capex.

Both paths feed back into network difficulty, because capacity additions today raise baseline difficulty three to six months out, which in turn lowers hashprice unless BTC outpaces the expansion.

The MinerMag’s cycle description captures this reflexivity: equity up, deal window open, capacity up, difficulty up, each turn pressuring margins until BTC or fees absorb the difference.

For operators racing toward or past 20 EH/s, scale and power quality provide optionality, including load-balancing across mining and AI tenants, treasury strategies around BTC holdings and sales, and the latitude to pause or accelerate expansions as power markets move.

The MinerMag’s September table shows MARA selling about half of its monthly BTC output, a stance that adds operating cash while keeping some BTC beta. Others have leaned more fully into issuances, site-level debt, or colocation prepayments. The dispersion in choices will define who can sustain paybacks within the 500- to 700-day band if hashprice remains under the present baseline.

The numbers, and the financing mix behind them, leave the industry priced as infrastructure with crypto torque.

Hashrate has moved into a higher-pressure zone, equities have rerated on capacity and AI pipelines, and the debt stack has shifted toward convertibles with a clear refi window.

The MinerMag posits that the immediate catalyst is limited to a possible single-digit difficulty relief, with economics still anchored by $0.06 per kWh power and revenue near $0.054 per TH per day.

The near-term task for miners is converting announced data-center projects and balance-sheet firepower into steady non-mining revenue while absorbing the zetahash baseline.

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